In the most recent National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; Lipari & Jean-Francois, 2016), college- aged respondents between 18 and 25 years old reported the highest alcohol use rates (over 58%) as well as the highest rates of binge drinking of any age group. High alcohol use/abuse in college students is associated with myriad negative consequences, including fatal and nonfatal injuries and overdoses, impaired academic and vocational performance, violence and other crime, legal problems, unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, and social problems. The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) underscores that use initiated in this period is not just experimental and recreational but may have lasting effects on consumption trajectories: For the majority of adults diagnosed alcohol use disorders, onset occurred during emerging adulthood. During this stage of development, vast changes in emotion regulation (ER) take place, particularly age-related shifts in the strategies used to manage distress that may lead to alcohol use/abuse (i.e., emotion suppression, inhibitory control, and cognitive reappraisal. Substantial evidence suggests that deficits in ER are strongly related to patterns of alcohol use in young adults. In particular, deficits in the self- regulation of discomfort and distress, called distress tolerance, predict alcohol use – specifically, motivation and urgency for use, escalations in consumption, and the development of dependence that may be indicative of alcohol use disorders. Emerging adults who turn to alcohol as a way of coping with distressing emotions are most at risk for heavy alcohol use into adulthood and more severe negative alcohol consequences. Given the variable effectiveness of existing approaches for reducing college students' alcohol use, we contend that interventions may be differentially effective depending on individual characteristics. In particular, students with difficulties in managing distress and discomfort may benefit from more intensive interventions that promote effective ER compared to treatment as usual; further, other background characteristics may predict the efficacy and acceptability of each type of ER intervention. In this R34 application (PA-18-775), we will test the acceptability/feasibility and preliminary efficacy of two complementary interventions (Yoga and Distress Tolerance) on preventing alcohol use in a randomized controlled trial of 180 high-risk college students relative to treatment as usual. We will assess participants' alcohol use (self-report and biomarker measures) and emotion regulation (ER) at baseline along with physiological discomfort sensitivity and psychosocial predictors of treatment efficacy over time, including a post-treatment follow-up. Our approach is innovative in examining the utility of different types of ER-oriented interventions for high risk young adults and includes innovative measurement components. The project is highly suited for the R34 mechanism to establish feasibility and preliminary efficacy. Aligned with the NIAAA strategic plan, we address the real-world complexities of substance use prevention by focusing on ER as the target mechanism for reductions in use.

This study focuses on emotion regulation as the target mechanism for the prevention of alcohol use disorders. Our results will provide valuable information necessary to implement a larger clinical trial focused on rigorously examining what type of emotion regulation interventions works best for whom. The subsequent interventions hold promise in preventing campus alcohol use and abuse, an important contribution to public health.