Allergy is a major world health challenge affecting 25% of people with a rising incidence. Peanut allergy alone affects 2.2% of school children in the US and can be life-threatening. Allergy is a complex disease, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to risk. In order to pinpoint the underlying genetic risk variants, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed on hundreds of thousands of patients and controls, identifying >100 associated loci. The vast majority of hits are in poorly annotated noncoding regions of the genome and are thought to influence gene regulation. A major challenge for understanding allergy (and all complex diseases) is pinpointing the causal variant(s) and defining molecular mechanisms. The extensive follow up work required is often not undertaken and thus allergy GWAS rarely contribute to our understanding of disease etiology. In order to mine the rich resource of human disease associations, new methods are needed to systematically annotate regulatory effects. Existing catalogs are sparse and biased toward specific cell types (blood), contexts (steady state conditions), molecular mechanisms (perturbation of gene expression), and populations (Caucasians). Given the highly cell type and context specific nature of gene regulation, this limited window is unlikely to be sufficient for identifying most human risk variants. The most comprehensive effort to date to map regulatory effects is the Genotype- Tissue Expression Project (GTEx), which mapped loci that influence gene expression (eQTLs) in 54 tissues using autopsy specimens from hundreds of healthy individuals. Despite its scope, the GTEx catalog thus far explains only 11% of the genetic risk of complex disease, suggesting additional assays and specimens are needed to unearth the majority of regulatory effects contributing to disease. In this application I propose an innovative approach to systematically catalog the gene regulatory effects of genetic variants on a massive scale across diverse allergy-relevant cell types and patient specimens. Crucially, this scalable approach can accommodate cell stimulation conditions (e.g., allergen challenge), inclusion of diverse human ancestry groups, and is deployable on scant human tissue and blood specimens. By leveraging a single cell framework, we are able to probe rare cell populations that play essential roles as mediators of disease. I will apply this method to allergy relevant GTEx tissues as well as a large-scale allergy biobank representing heterogenous cases. This study is expected to provide a greatly expanded window into the biology of genetic loci linked to allergy and elucidate the potential of multi-omic single cell approaches, pathophysiological stimuli, and patient biospecimens to unearth missing complex disease heritability.

Allergic disorders including food allergy, hay fever, eczema, and asthma, affect approximately 25% of people in industrialized countries and can cause life threatening reactions. Genetic differences among individuals account for about half of the risk of allergy; identifying the underlaying genes and biological pathways could suggest new strategies to treat and prevent allergy. Whereas the genetics of allergy has largely been studied in cell lines, we will pioneer an approach to study allergy at the single cell level in heterogenous human pathology specimens encompassing diverse clinical subtypes.