Summary/Abstract: Ticks transmit bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause disease in humans and other animals. This phenomenon is partly due to the secretion of redundant and pluripotent salivary proteins that disrupt host homeostasis and alter inflammation upon blood-feeding. Recently, extracellular vesicles, a heterogenous population of nanovesicles that mediate interspecies communication, were shown to facilitate pathogen transmission to mammals. We developed a tick salivary organoid system that mimics extracellular vesicle release. We also manipulated the biogenesis of tick extracellular vesicles by silencing the expression of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) genes through RNA interference. Finally, we provided causality to our findings by showing that tick extracellular vesicles affect resident dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) in the skin. How immune cells are targeted by tick nanovesicles in the skin remains unsettled. Whether tick extracellular vesicles have functional plasticity during interspecies relationships remains elusive. In this R21 application, we will explore the central hypothesis that tick extracellular vesicles provide an advantageous skin immune environment for Ixodes scapularis feeding via the DETC-keratinocyte axis. DETCs interact with keratinocytes, which comprise approximately 95% of the skin epidermal layer. In Aim #1 of this proposal, we will determine whether the effect of I. scapularis extracellular vesicles on DETCs is direct or indirect. We will use single cell RNA sequencing coupled with animal models devoid of DETCs to evaluate the directionality of the skin immune response during a tick bite. In Aim #2 of this grant proposal, we will ascertain the architecture of the skin when the biogenesis of tick extracellular vesicles is disrupted. We will measure the immune response of DETCs through skin biopsies via flow cytometry coupled with cell sorting, microbial stimulation and spatial transcriptomics. Spatial transcriptomics combines traditional histology information with single cell gene expression analysis and positional barcoding. Thus, we will construct an architectural map of genes associated with DETCs and keratinocytes during a tick bite. Collectively, this R21 project will underscore the importance of ticks as arthropods of

Project Narrative: Tick-borne diseases are the most common arthropod-borne illnesses in the United States and Europe. In this R21 application, we will determine the effect of Ixodes scapularis extracellular vesicles on resident dendritic epidermal T cells during a tick bite. This project will provide mechanistic support in a neglected area of research and lead to a remarkable knowledge about arthropod-borne maladies.