Project Summary (Parent Grant 1R01AI151638-01A1) All viruses rely on host translational machinery for protein synthesis. As such, translation control constitutes a universal host defense against viruses. A new understanding on how host regulates translation in response to viral infection and how viruses evade this host response will provide fundamental insight into viral pathogenesis and benefit the development of new antiviral strategies. Poxviruses include some dangerous emerging pathogens as well as some promising vaccine vectors. Unlike many other viruses, poxvirus host range is not affected by the entry step but restricted by intracellular processes. Particularly, cellular translational control pathways have a profound impact on poxvirus host range, and poxvirus inhibitors of these pathways could manifest as critical host-range factors. The best-known example is PKR-mediated control of translation initiation and its antagonism by two vaccinia virus (VACV) host-range proteins E3 and K3. Much less is understood about a PKR-independent pathway targeted by two critical VACV host-range proteins, K1 and C7. VACV with deletion in both K1 and C7 fails to replicate in most mammalian cells due to a shut-off of viral and host protein synthesis. Intriguingly, the translational shut-off is independent of PKR and RNaseL and appears not to involve any translation initiation factors. A paralogous pair of interferon-stimulated genes, SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9&L), were recently identified by us and others as the specific targets of K1 and C7. However, how they regulate protein synthesis and restrict poxvirus host range is unknown and is the focus of this proposal. We have made sustained contributions to the understanding of K1/C7 and their cellular targets for over a decade, including the determination of the structures of K1/C7 and the identification of SAMD9L as a cellular target of K1/C7. In addition, we have obtained compelling preliminary data that led to our novel hypotheses, which will be addressed separately with the following specific aims. Aim 1. To determine how SAMD9 is activated to inhibit protein synthesis. Aim 2. To determine how activated SAMD9 inhibits protein synthesis. Aim 3. To determine the molecular basis underlying the host species-specific SAMD9&L inhibition by OPXV inhibitors.

Narrative (Parent Grant 1R01AI151638-01A1) Poxviruses include some dangerous emerging pathogens as well as some promising vaccine vectors. Studying poxvirus host range mechanisms will provide knowledge for development of antiviral therapies and poxvirus-vectored vaccines. A new understanding on how host regulates translation in response to viral infection and how viruses evade this host response will provide fundamental insight into viral pathogenesis and benefit the development of new antiviral strategies.