Background: Telemental health (TMH) via videoconferencing or phone can increase Veterans’ access to mental health (MH) care. TMH can eliminate barriers including travel distance and cost, as well as physical limitations, caregiving responsibilities, and MH symptoms that can make leaving home difficult. Prior to COVID- 19, rates of TMH in VA were low (~9%). There was a dramatic shift towards TMH during COVID-19 to prevent infection, with ~50% of care delivered by phone, ~25% by video, and ~25% in-person. Benefits and drawbacks of phone, video, and in-person care must be considered when choosing a MH care modality. If patients, providers, and/or leadership believe that phone care is equivalent in quality to video and/or in-person, they may be more likely to choose this modality as it often has the fewest barriers to use; however, based on limited evidence, phone care may be lower quality than video and in-person. We need more nuanced analyses regarding: 1) the relative quality of phone, video, and in-person care (e.g., for more complex patients, for psychotherapy sessions versus shorter medication management appointments), and 2) patient preferences. As a clinical psychologist and HSR&D investigator with TMH experience, I am well-positioned to conduct this research. This proposal will provide key methodological training and advance me toward my goal of becoming a leading health services researcher and implementation scientist with expertise in telehealth. Significance/Impact: MH, telehealth, access, and quality of care are all major HSR&D research priorities. The increased use of TMH during COVID-19 has led to a wealth of untapped data through which we can examine the relative quality of TMH care as well as patient preferences across modalities, in order to improve care modality decision-making processes. Results, which will incorporate data from millions of patients and thousands of providers, have the potential to impact delivery of high-quality MH care on a national scale. Innovation: To our knowledge, there has been no published research that: 1) compares the quality and patient preference of phone, video, and in-person MH care, and 2) uses this information to develop and implement evidenced-based strategies to increase video use when clinically effective and preferred by patients. Specific Aims: Aim 1: Examine quality outcomes of phone, video, and in-person MH care (e.g., differences in MH hospitalization rates). Hypothesis: Video care will be equivalent to in-person care and superior to phone care for more complex patients (e.g., history of MH hospitalization, 3+ MH diagnoses) and for psychotherapy appointments. Aim 2: Qualitative interviews with MH patients, providers, and leadership. Research question: What are facilitators/barriers to video use based on stakeholder attitudes, preferences, and decision-making processes, and how do these factors vary between sites with high levels of phone, video, and in-person care? Aim 3: Develop/pilot implementation strategies to increase video use in circumstances where it is clinically effective and preferred by patients. Hypothesis: Implementation strategies will increase video use. Methodology: In Aim 1, I will test for differences in quality outcomes between modalities via a sample of ~2 million Veterans who received MH care between 3/2020-3/2021 using comparative effectiveness research strategies. In Aim 2, I will conduct interviews with key stakeholders to understand facilitators and barriers to video use based on attitudes, preferences and current decision-making processes. In Aim 3, I will synthesize Aim 1 and 2 findings to develop and pilot implementation strategies at one VISN 1 MH site to increase video use in circumstances where it is clinically effective and preferred by patients. Strategies will be targeted at the patient, provider, and/or system levels based on Aim 1 and 2 findings. Next Steps/Implementation: The piloted strategies will be spread to additional MH sites, and ultimately other clinical services, via hybrid implementation-effectiveness trials in subsequent IIRs. Findings will be communicated to MH and Connected Care operational partners to inform the future of VA MH care delivery.

Telemental health (TMH), in which services are delivered from a distance via videoconferencing or phone, can increase Veterans’ access to high quality mental health (MH) care. Its use has skyrocketed during COVID-19 in order to reduce the infection risk of in-person care; this has provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine TMH use on a national scale. Specifically, we need to understand how the quality of TMH care compares to in-person care (as limited evidence suggests phone care may be lower quality than video and in- person), as well as which modality of care patients prefer across various clinical circumstances (e.g., medication management versus therapy appointments). These findings will be used to improve MH care modality decision-making at the patient, provider, and/or system levels, with a focus on increasing video use in circumstances where it is clinically effective and preferred by patients. Results will inform national VA clinical and operational decisions regarding how MH care is delivered well beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.