PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT CD4+FOXP3+lymphocytes are expanded within the intestinal inflammatory lesion of Crohn’s disease (CD); however, ongoing inflammation belies presumed anti-inflammatory function of this cell. FOXP3 is required for differentiation and function of T regulatory (TREG) cells. FOXP3-mediated gene repression is lost in intestinal T cells of CD patients. Indeed, “FOXP3+ Crohn’s cell (FOXP3+CD)” bears a transcriptional signal more closely related to the pro-inflammatory TH17 cell. Derivation, function, and therapeutic implications of the FOXP3+CD cell remain poorly understood. Our long-term goal is to dissect epigenetic mechanisms regulating TREG cellular differentiation and function in the setting of GI inflammation. Consequently, the objective is to identify mechanisms responsible for activation of the TH17 phenotypic transcriptional network within intestinal FOXP3+CD cells and test therapeutic opportunities to restore their regulatory function in vivo. Our central hypothesis is that a shared chromatin configuration between TREG and TH17 cells allows for rapid activation of a TH17-like pro-inflammatory gene program in intestinal FOXP3+TREG cells. A set of TH17-relevant genes are accessible, yet not active in human TREG cells. A defining feature of the TH17 program was significant enrichment of CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) motifs. CTCF, a well-known topologically-associated domain (TAD) insulator protein, also mediates intra-TAD chromosomal looping and enhancer-promoter interaction regulating gene transcription. Bioinformatic analysis of this TH17 program indicates an inhibitory role for Polycomb Repressor Complex 1 (PRC1). Deletion of PRC1 in murine FOXP3+ cells led to secretion of prototypic TH17-like cytokines in FOXP3+ cells, and spontaneous colitis. The rationale is that with mechanistic insight into the biology of intestinal TREG cell in inflammation, one can apply targeted FOXP3+ CD cell-directed therapy including engineering of human TREG cells for adoptive cell therapy trials. To test the central hypothesis and obtain the overall objective we will address the following three questions: Aim1: Why are CTCF motifs associated with the TH17 program? Aim2: Why are TH17-associated genes accessible yet not active in TREG cells? Aim3: Why do FOXP3+CD cells express prototypic TH17 cytokines? Upon conclusion, we will understand the epigenetic pathways and 3D chromatin architecture spawning the FOXP3+CD cell and mechanisms shaping their development and function. This contribution is significant as the FOXP3+CD cell is expanded in the Crohn’s lesion, phenocopies TH17 cell which is implicated in Crohn’s disease (and other inflammatory diseases), and represents an important epigenetic drug target for systemic or re-engineered cellular therapy. There is general acknowledgement of risk of FOXP3+ TREG cells converting to pathogenic FOXP3+TH17-like cells upon adoptive transfer in Crohn’s trials; yet, this project is the first to articulate both signature and precise epigenetic events that regulate activation of the TH17 program in TREG cells.

PROJECT NARRATIVE The proposed research is relevant to public health because it focuses on the development and maintenance of human FOXP3+TREG and TH17 cells, work which will open novel experimental therapeutics including cellular therapy in human Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and other TH17-related inflammatory diseases (i.e. rheumatologic, neurologic, and dermatologic conditions). Ongoing TREG cell therapy trials and emerging cancer trials of epigenetic regulators will benefit from insight into potential activation of the TH17 phenotype in FOXP3+ cells exposed to the inflammatory milieu. We believe that execution of the experimental plan will realize the new horizon of epigenetic therapies in human immune mediated diseases.