Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide accounting for 32.2% of all deaths in the United States. Compelling epidemiological data in human has shown that adverse in utero environment leads to intrauterine growth restriction that has been associated with increased risk of CVD and left ventricular hypertrophy. Prenatal exposure to excess testosterone (T) has been found to adversely program multiple organ systems in the well-validated sheep model of developmental programming. Prenatal T excess induces IUGR in both sexes in this model and culminates in insulin resistance, increased left ventricular mass and hypertension in the female offspring in adulthood (the impact of prenatal T on cardiometabolic outcomes in the male offspring has not been studied). Considering the sexual dimorphism that exists in CVD mortality and morbidity it is critically important to gain an insight into the role sexual dimorphism plays in left ventricular hypertrophy to enable development of sex-specific prevention strategies. In this regard, the prenatal T model provides a valuable resource to determine to what extent excess sex steroid exposure via disease states (Polycystic ovary syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or environmental chemicals with steroidogenic potential during fetal development programs adverse cardiac tissue remodeling resulting in increased mortality from CVD in adulthood. Our preliminary data provide evidence that prenatal T excess leads to pathological left ventricular remodeling in adult female offspring thus allowing us to probe underlying mechanisms and sex-specific functional outcomes. The objective of this application is to identify the mechanism(s) by which in utero exposure to excess T programs adverse cardiac remodeling and susceptibility to cardiac disease during adult life and to discern sex differences that might exist in this programming. We hypothesize that prenatal T excess will lead to adverse left ventricular structural and functional changes over the lifespan and these changes will be driven by epigenetic modifications of pathways involved in maintaining left ventricular morphology and function leading to increased susceptibility to insult later in life. The proposed studies will provide insight into the 1) mechanisms by which excess T in-utero leads to adverse left ventricular remodeling, 2) long term cardiac functional and structural consequences of prenatal T excess and 3) sex differences in prenatal cardiac programming. Knowledge gained through these studies will help identify strategies targeted toward treatment for LVH and heart failure and of translational relevance.

Unintentional fetal exposure to excess steroids, native or environmental, poses risk to cardiometabolic health in humans. Using a novel animal model, these studies will address the mechanisms by which fetal exposure to excess testosterone such as that seen in hyperandrogenic states will lead to cardiovascular dysfunctions in the offspring and if it is sex-specific. The findings from this study will aid in identifying sex-specific strategies to mitigate them.