Project Summary/Abstract Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has attracted considerable interest in the cognitive neuroscience community, providing an important basic research tool to study brain function, with emerging clinical applications to restore function in individuals with neurological disorders. Despite this potential, an emerging literature has highlighted concerns regarding the reliability and robustness of transcranial electric stimulation (tES), the primary NIBS method used to induce changes in brain plasticity through the application of subthreshold stimulation. These problems are likely related to the fact that tES systems can only induce modest electrical fields (E-field) at the cortical surface given that safety/tolerance issues limit the intensity of tES stimulation that can be delivered at the scalp. We developed a radically new NIBS approach, one in which subthreshold modulation of neural excitability is brought about via oscillating magnetic fields at kHZ frequencies. This system, referred to kTMP (kHz Transcranial Magnetic Perturbation) significantly increases the range of subthreshold E-field induction, and through modulation of the envelope of the kHz carrier frequency, can impose E-fields at physiological relevant frequencies. The specific aims of the supplementee is to compare the efficacy of kTMP with two conventional NIBS techniques: tES and TMS. This comparison is fundamental to establish kTMP in the NIBS neuroscience community as more efficient and reliable method to advance our understanding of brain function and as translational tool for the treatment of neurological disorders. The project of the supplementee will be an important step towards the end goal of FDA approval of kTMP. Moreover, supported by Avania, an organization specialized in advancing medical technologies, the supplementee will be also working on the regulatory path for kTMP to be used for post-stroke recovery. By the end of the second year the supplementee will have learned how to conduct research studies independently, gained knowledge on the existing technical and practical aspects of the three NIBS methods, and obtained a broad overview of the FDA regulations and processes to market a medical device.

Project Narrative We have recently developed a new non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) system, kilohertz transcranial magnetic perturbation (kTMP), that opens a new experimental space for safely modulating neural excitability in targeted This project will focus on comparing the efficacy of kTMP with two conventional NIBS techniques: tES and TMS. In addition, we are beginning to chart the path to FDA approval for our medical device. The comparison of our novel method to extant NIBS methods is fundamental to establish kTMP in the neuroscience and medical community as we begin to target clinical indications such as stroke rehabilitation. areas of the human brain.