PROJECT SUMMARY Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of phospholipid bilayer-enclosed particles that are released by all types of cells, and even more so by tumor cells. Since the biomolecular cargoes of tumor- derived EVs mirror those of the parental tumor cells, characterizing tumor-derived EVs and profiling their cargo are expected to be of substantial diagnostic value. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, most often develops in patients with underlying liver cirrhosis secondary to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or hepatitis B/C infections. Cirrhosis from any cause is a well-established risk factor for HCC; however, current surveillance regimens with abdominal imaging and serum biomarkers (e.g., AFP) have poor sensitivity for diagnosing HCC at an early stage, when it is potentially curable. Therefore, biomarkers that sensitively distinguish early-stage HCC from at-risk liver cirrhosis are desperately needed. Exploring the diagnostic potential of HCC EVs and EV cargo profiling for detecting early-stage HCC holds great promise to significantly augment the ability of current diagnostic modalities. We propose an HCC EV digital scoring assay for detecting early-stage HCC, which couples two very powerful technologies: EV Click Chip for purification of HCC EVs and reverse-transcription droplet digital PCR (RT- ddPCR) for EV cargo profiling. One of the major challenges emerging in the field of EV utilization for clinical use is the lack of robust and reproducible methods for the isolation of a pure tumor-derived EV population. Conventional methods for isolating EVs, such as ultracentrifugation, filtration, and precipitation, are incapable of discriminating tumor-derived EVs from non-tumor-derived EVs. New research efforts have been devoted to exploring immunoaffinity-based capture techniques for enriching tumor-derived EVs in different solid tumors. However, there are challenges identified for the single antibody-mediated tumor-derived EV enriching approaches, such as limited sensitivity/specificity and a need for multiple capture antibodies to overcome the tumor heterogeneity. The EV Click Chips can address these concerns with a 2-step covalent chemistry-based tumor-derived EV purification (click chemistry-mediated EV capture/disulfide cleavage-driven EV release) instead of antibody-mediated EV capture. The purified HCC EVs can then be characterized by quantifying a panel of 20 HCC-specific mRNA markers by incorporating RT-ddPCR technology. The proposed research will conduct: i) an exploratory development and optimization of the two functional components (i.e., EV Click Chip and RT-ddPCR) and analytically validate the proposed HCC EV digital scoring assay, and ii) an evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the proposed HCC EV digital scoring assay for detecting early-stage HCC using training and validation cohorts. The long-term goal of this R01 proposal is to develop, optimize, and validate the proposed HCC EV digital scoring assay for detecting early-stage HCC from at-risk liver cirrhotic patients.

Project Narrative Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in circulation at a relatively early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The long-term goal of this R01 proposal is to develop a new HCC EV digital scoring assay for non- invasively detecting early-stage HCC. The successful development of the proposed assay will be rapidly translatable and reproducible, enabling a sensitive and biologically relevant EV-based quantitative assay for detecting HCC at an early stage.