This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. This study in feeding newborn infants will examine whether some of the sugars and sugar alcohols in breast milk and formula show evidence of a postprandial increase in concentration. After a single milk feeding, concentrations of glucose, inositol, glycerol, erythritol, sorbital and mannose will be examined over 90 minutes following the feeding. Only infants taking in full caloric intake by milk feedings will be enrolled in the studies. The intake of each sugar and sugar alcohol will be calculated from the volume of feed and the concentrations of the sugars and alcohols in the milk used for the feeding. HPLC will be used for the carbohydrate measurements. It is anticipated that the magnitude of the postprandial peak for any single carbohydrate will be a function of the volume of the feeding and the duration of the feeding. The study will also compare postprandial concentrations of the sugars and sugar alcohols in a group of healthy, term infants to a group of "high risk" infants who are born to mothers whose pregnancies were complicated by either pre-existing or gestational diabetes (IDM), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Umbilical blood flow has been demonstrated to be significantly reduced in IUGR pregnancies which, in turn, reduce fetal hepatic blood flow. Therefore, the hepatic uptake of nutrients after a feeding may be significantly compromised in these high risk infants.