DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Lead toxicity remains a major environmental health risk throughout the world. Pakistan and South Asian countries consider phasing-out of leaded gasoline as an adequate measure for control of lead. However, lead deposited in environmental media and maternal bone continues to expose fetuses and children. Our preliminary study in Karachi has shown that approximately 50% of neonates in an urban area of Pakistan had cord blood lead levels (BLL) above10 1010

Narrative Lead toxicity continues to remain a major environmental health risk throughout the world. Previous research has shown that about 50% of Pakistani children have blood lead levels (BLL) >10 ¿g/dL. There is growing evidence of an association between children exposed to lead levels and lowered cognitive function, and delinquent behavior in young adulthood. These findings raise concerns about the health of children and of their future potential to be productive members of society in their country and in the world. This study, a pioneer study on lead exposure assessment in a developing country, will contribute to understanding the role of various sources of lead exposure in Pakistan. These data will provide a basis for intervention in Pakistan at the national level that will result in reduction of BLLs in children. The findings of this study also are directly relevant to lead prevention/control programs in other countries in South Asia.