Project Summary/Abstract This proposal describes the use of fundamental chemical properties to alter the reactivity of reagents for the synthesis of biomedically important compounds. The role of carbohydrates in biological systems cannot be overstated and is of great interest to scientific research. Robust, practical, and general methods for glycosylation reactions with predictable stereoselectivity will enable further research in the role of sugars in biological chemistry and medicine. Despite recent advances, glycan synthesis remains a challenging endeavor largely reserved for specialists in sugar chemistry, and a general, selective synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-glycosides remains elusive. Hydrogen-bond-donor catalysts will be used to alter the innate reactivity of 2-deoxy-a-phosphate donors for the selective synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-glycosides (K99). The synthesis relies on the in situ generation of a phosphate ester glycosyl donor, and on the identification of a tailored organocatalyst to promote stereospecific glycosylations by simultaneously activating the electrophile (the donor) and the nucleophile (the acceptor). Developing a general method for the synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-glycosides 1) provides a solution for the glycosylation of sugars lacking the C2 functionality often used as a directing group via anchimeric assistance, 2) enables further research on their role in biological chemistry and medicine, and 3) provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of biologically active natural products. Secondly, the chemical properties of C–S bonds will be used for the synthesis of novel donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts, DASAs (R00). Though Stenhouse adducts were introduced in 2014, they are used in drug delivery, dynamic phase transfer, polymers, liquid crystals, wavelength-selective photoswitching, and chemosensing applications. Despite their promising applications, DASAs are currently limited by their structural diversity. Only amine donors and two acceptors are generally used in DASA systems today. Novel adducts with sulfur, phosphine, oxygen, or other heteroatom donors will expand the pool of applications and provide more efficient compounds for known applications. The synthesis relies on using 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde, an economical starting material that will circumvent reactivity problems faced when using furfural. 2- Thiophenecarboxaldehyde bears a weaker and longer C–S bond in place of the C–O bond responsible for the inability to incorporate other donor functionality in DASAs when using furfural; thiophene derivatives also carry less electron density on the carbon atoms, making it a perfect substrate for ring opening upon condensing an acceptor molecule. If the C–S bond is not sufficiently weak, the polarizable sulfur will be activated using thiophilic Lewis acids. Synthesizing novel Stenhouse adducts 1) provides additional DASAs to explore applications listed above, 2) enables further research on the chemical properties of these new photoswitches, and 3) provides an opportunity to develop additional applications.

Project Narrative The application of chemical properties to alter the reactivity of reagents for the synthesis of biomedically important compounds provides an opportunity to enhance the biomedical sciences. The chemical properties of hydrogen-bond-donor organocatalysts will enable the general, selective synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-glycosides, which remains elusive despite the importance of carbohydrates in biological systems, biological chemistry and medicine. Additionally, the properties of sulfur and the C–S bond will provide novel photochromic materials, addressing the stagnant synthetic approach to Stenhouse adducts, which are used in drug delivery, dynamic phase transfer, polymers, liquid crystals, wavelength-selective photoswitching, and chemosensing applications.