Project Summary/Abstract Firearm violence in K-12 schools is a persistent public health threat in the US. The negative impact of these tragedies on children and school staff is significant. School-wide efforts (e.g. metal detectors, active shooter drills, armed school personnel, and two dozen others) to improve safety and assuage fears are being widely implemented in public K-12 schools across the US. Yet, the effectiveness of most of these strategies at deterring school shootings has never been scientifically tested. Moreover, school districts may differentially use these strategies based on factors unrelated to school safety, including as a means to discipline students. These extraordinary gaps in evidence are particularly significant, as the U.S. K-12 public school system currently serves an estimated 51 million children. The proposed research team has conducted substantial pilot and preliminary research demonstrating the feasibility of the larger study proposed here. Its broad objective is to conduct the first nationwide study of specific school safety tactics and policies and their potential impact on school shootings and student disciplinary actions across K-12 public schools in the U.S. Given this, three specific aims will be completed: (1) to determine if the total number and specific types of safety tactics and policies are associated with the occurrence of intentional shootings in K-12 public schools; (2) to determine if the total number and specific types of safety tactics and policies are associated with suspension and expulsions in K-12 public schools; and (3) to identify if urban/non-urban, economic, and racial disparities prior to and following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic exist in effect modification analyses of the relationships between implementation of safety tactics and policies, suspensions and expulsions, and intentional shootings in K-12 public schools. This will be accomplished through a nationally representative, population-based, case- control study comparing hundreds of case schools that have experienced a school shooting and randomly selected control schools that have not experienced such an event using epidemiological incidence density sampling over a nine-year period (n = 658). Case data will be ascertained primarily via the FEMA-funded Naval Postgraduate School K–12 School Shooting database. Additional databases that record and publicly report school shooting incidents will be linked and harmonized. One control school will be randomly selected from a national database of public K–12 schools at the National Center for Education Statistics and matched to each case school based on state, urban/nonurban, and elementary/middle/high school status. Publicly accessible school safety plans and multiple publicly available secondary sources of data will be used to determine the safety strategies in place at both case and control schools during the school year before each case school’s shooting event. These data will be linked to data on school suspensions and expulsions, obtained from the national Civil Rights Data Collection website. Results will newly inform school policies and practices to reduce gun violence and promote healthy experiences for all children across disparate K-12 school communities.

Project Narrative Firearm violence, especially in schools, is a significant and persistent public health threat in the U.S. Tactics and policies to improve school safety are being widely implemented, but have not been scientifically tested, may have unintended consequences, and may exacerbate disparities related to school demographics and student discipline. We propose an innovative nationwide study of the impact of specific school safety strategies on school shootings and student disciplinary actions in order to reduce gun violence in K-12 public schools, create safe learning environments, and promote healthy experiences for all children across disparate school communities.