Project Summary/Abstract The goal of this proposal is to elucidate biological mechanisms for proton transfer by designing function from scratch. The coupled movement of protons and electrons is crucial to biological energy transduction and central to life. While electron transfer (ET) has been extensively studied, less is known about the corresponding proton transfer (PT) due to lack of easily observable experimental readouts. Computational protein design enables us to study these phenomena in a ground-up manner where a protein scaffold can be designed from first principles to mimic biological function in isolated and experimentally tractable ways. This proposal centers on the binding of abiological photoacid cofactors that would give distinct spectroscopic readouts for PT as a function of distance. The electron-deficient metal porphyrin photoacid cofactors used in this proposal are characterized by dramatic acidification upon photoexcitation and distinct spectroscopic changes upon deprotonation. These cofactor properties combined with our lab’s history of success in the design of porphyrin-binding proteins make them ideal for use in this proposal. Using computational tools recently developed in the DeGrado lab (vdMs and COMBS), the cofactor will be positioned within a designer protein scaffold H-bonded to a proton-accepting residue. This will enable the spectroscopic study of proton on-off rates upon irradiation and subsequent deprotonation of the cofactor. These ligand-binding proteins will be experimentally characterized through X-ray crystallography and NMR experiments to validate the proposed structure and binding mode. Ultrafast absorbance spectroscopy experiments will be carried out by our long-term collaborators in the Therien lab at Duke University. Following characterization, the proton-accepting residue will be iteratively moved down the protein scaffold with a designed “water-wire” in its wake to allow spectroscopic observation of the proton movement over varying distances. Further, a second cofactor binding site will be built to bind a pH-responsive dye. This will allow for end-to-end monitoring of PT with measurable readouts in a protein system for the first time. This research will significantly advance our understanding of biological proton dynamics, critically test our ability to design ligand-binding proteins, push toward the intentional design of water wires, and innovate a new strategy for the design of proteins that bind multiple interacting cofactors. The use of computational design tools (Rosetta, COMBS, RFdiffusion, ProteinMPNN, Alphafold), as well as routine protein expression, purification, and characterization will fulfill the training goals of my postdoctoral tenure, combining my skills in organic synthesis with protein design. Together these skills will prepare me for an independent research career focused on the design of functional proteins and enzymes to catalyze new-to-nature reactions.

Project narrative Biological energy transduction is crucial to life and is primarily orchestrated through the coupling of proton and electron movement. While electron transfer has been extensively studied, proton transfer has been more difficult to study experimentally. Through protein design, we will design and express proteins that bind abiological photoacid cofactors that will enable us to observe, for the first time, the generation and management of proton currents in proteins, giving fundamental insight into proton conduction in biological systems and take the first step toward the design of complex protein machinery.