Project Summary The vast expansion of the human cerebral cortex distinguishes us from our primate relatives, and this cortical expansion is the foundation of uniquely human higher-order cognition. Numerous developmental innovations, such as increased proliferation of cortical progenitor cells, contributed to this cortical growth. Ultimately, these developmental innovations arose from genetic changes in the human lineage, which altered the molecular and cellular programs underpinning development. Understanding the gene regulatory networks that specifically inform human cortical development and cortical size is crucial for understanding the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, which often present with cognitive impairment. Efforts to identify human-specific genetic changes have revealed Human Accelerated Regions (HARs), which are highly conserved regulatory elements that exhibit a high rate of human-specific sequence change. A growing body of evidence implicates HARs in cortical development and evolution. In particular, the HAR HACNS205 has (i) human-biased accessibility in cerebral organoids, compared to chimpanzee, and evidence of enhancer activity; (ii) an essential role in human neural stem cell proliferation; and (iii) a known target gene in the fetal human cortex, BRN2, a transcription factor that regulates corticogenesis and has human-biased expression in cortical progenitor cells relative to chimp. BRN2 is an autism risk gene, and its target genes display enrichment for autism risk genes. In addition, clinical work has linked BRN2 mutations to global developmental delay and cognitive impairment. BRN2 has also recently been implicated in human cortical evolution. Overexpression studies indicate BRN2 is important for designating neural progenitor cell identity, the timing of neurogenesis, and the production of specific neuronal subtypes. However, the role of HACNS205 in human cortical development is not clear; moreover, the role of BRN2 in early cortical development has not been reported. The goal of this proposal is to address these gaps in the field, by using a humanized mouse model to study how HACNS205 impacts BRN2 expression levels and BRN2 transcription factor binding, and how these primary molecular effects shape gene expression, molecular networks, progenitor cell behavior, and the timing of key events in cortical development. Specifically, I will employ genome-wide epigenetic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses of embryonic cortical development. These results will then be leveraged to perform targeted phenotypic analysis of the developing cortex in these mice, to identify HACNS205-driven shifts in progenitor cell behavior, neurogenesis, and ultimately cortical morphology. The applicant’s long-term goal is to study the emergence of novel cell types in brain evolution. This fellowship will aid the applicant in developing the expertise in bioinformatics and evolutionary, regulatory, and functional genomics that will greatly bolster her success in this line of research, complementing her current expertise in neurobiology and cortical development.

Project Narrative The human cerebral cortex is greatly expanded compared to other primates, which is ultimately caused by genetic changes that affect gene expression regulation and how the human cerebral cortex develops. My goal is to reveal how a specific region of human-specific genetic change and human innovations in gene regulation shape cortical development and evolution, by using novel mouse models. This knowledge of how uniquely human genetic and developmental change affect growth of the cerebral cortex, an important structure for higher-order cognition, is crucial for understanding the etiology of disorders affecting humans, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and cognitive impairment.