PROJECT SUMMARY At birth, it is critical that an infant begins breathing quickly. The infant has to switch from relying on the placenta for oxygen to using its lungs for the first time. Worldwide each year, 10 million babies do not breathe immediately at birth, and approximately one million babies die annually in low and middle-income countries due to a brain injury caused by inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to the neonatal brain, a condition known as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The usual practice for infants who need resuscitation is to immediately clamp the umbilical cord. Animal studies show that clamping the cord before the baby breathes can cause the heart beat to slow and can decrease the amount of blood being pumped out of the heart each minute. We propose a study to see if umbilical cord milking (UCM) for those infants who need resuscitation is better than immediately clamping and cutting the umbilical cord at birth. We wonder if it will reduce death and/or HIE. In addition, it may reduce developmental problems in survivors by two years of age. This study is important because when there is need for resuscitation, neither UCM or delayed cord clamping, are recommended by national and international organizations due to lack of evidence. Yet, several large studies fromaround the world have identified that infants needing resuscitation are more likely to die or develop conditions such as cerebral palsy, autism and other developmental problems. The large amount of fetal blood left in the placenta after immediate cord clamping means that the baby gets less blood for the brain, lungs, and heart, which can contribute, to brain injury and even death. Cord milking at birth may help to protect these infants by increasing the transfer of blood volume. Our prior work has shown that, compared to immediate cord clamping, UCM results in better heart rate, blood pressure, less early anemia, and more oxygen in the brain. No harm from UCM has been noted in term infants in any studies. We will use a design in which each hospital will be randomly assigned to use either immediate cord clamping or UCM for any infant needing resuscitation over a period of 6 months. Then sites will change to the other method for an additional 6 months. This trial will involve 3442 term newborns who are depressed at birth at seven (7) hospitals in India. This trial will provide evidence to promote a change in guidelines supporting the use of UCM – a simple, no-cost intervention as standard of care in term and near-term newborns needing resuscitation.

PROJECT NARRATIVE Approximately one million babies die annually in low and middle-income countries due to a brain injury caused by inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to the neonatal brain, a condition known as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. “Milking” the umbilical cord, a method used to transfer blood from the placenta into the baby before the umbilical cord is clamped, may result in decreased death and brain injury due to lack of blood flow to the brain. This intervention may prevent some conditions or disabilities that have lifelong consequences.