This protocol measures pain-related facial responses in a diverse population to measure whether nonverbal responses to pain vary as a function of biological and sociocultural factors. We will then measure whether individuals (both healthy volunteers and medical providers) pay attention to different features of pain or assess pain differently in in-group relative to out-group individuals, and whether we can develop interventions to reduce any biases in attention or pain assessment. During FY24, we analyzed data from the protocol’s first two sub-studies, submitted a manuscript from the second sub-study, completed data collection and began data analysis for the protocol’s third sub-study, and submitted an amendment to add a fourth sub-study to the protocol. Sub-study 1 measures the association between noxious stimuli, pain, and facial responses. The PhD student who led the study graduated and started a postdoctoral fellowship during FY23, but has remained a collaborator as new fellows in the lab analyze remaining data. We have begun comparing different software algorithms to assess facial movements, and a postdoc who will be starting in FY25 will analyze facial movements to evaluate whether social factors affect pain expression. Following completion, sub-study 1 participants were asked whether they want their images to be included in a database that will be shown to other participants. We are currently using these images in an online study to gather normed ratings and will be producing a publicly available database within the next year. Images of a subset of sub-study 1 participants who opted into the database were used as stimuli for a subsequent sub-study 2, which measured how individuals view and judge pain in others that they perceive to be similar or different from them, and sub-study 3, which evaluated whether feedback improves pain assessment accuracy. Sub-study 2 results were submitted in FY23 and are still under review (Dildine et al., PsyArXiv). During FY24, we completed data collection for sub-study 3, and began preliminary analyses. Healthy volunteers (perceivers) viewed videos of sub-study 1 participants (targets) experiencing pain and evaluate pain using the same scales as the targets. Half the participants received feedback about the targets actual pain on every trial, whereas half the participants received no feedback. Feedback improved pain assessment accuracy, whether we examined binary choices (pain/no pain) or accuracy of pain intensity assessments. We have begun evaluating the role of empathy and effects on physiological arousal (skin conductance, pupil dilation) and are currently beginning analyses using computational models to evaluate dynamic learning as well as eye-tracking to measure the influence of gaze position and visual attention. We are now planning to conduct a similar study including feedback inside the fMRI environment. Our amendment to add this fourth sub-study recently completed Scientific Review, and we hope to obtain full IRB approval and begin fMRI data collection during early FY25.