Project Summary/Abstract The literature is inconclusive about who does and does not benefit from preventive interventions. Even less is known about the unique combinations of participant risk factors that impact program effectiveness for low-income families. These are crucial gaps to address, given that economically disadvantaged families vary in the level and pattern of adversities they experience; and, these adversities may influence their response to intervention. One of the few preventive interventions designed specifically to meet the needs of economically disadvantaged families is Fatherhood, Relationship, and Marriage Education (FRAME), which combines the core elements of two evidence-based programs: Premarital Relationship Education Program and Families Coping with Economic Strain. On average, families benefitted from FRAME, but a portion of them did not experience the expected gains. This project will examine whether certain types or combinations of pre-existing risk factors, such as economic strain and parental depression, impacted response to FRAME. This information is critical for identifying program responders and non-responders to inform tailored intervention approaches and maximize the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of prevention programs for underserved families experiencing various types of adversity. Using existing data from the FRAME study with low-income families (N = 301 mother-father-child triads), the long-term goal of this study is to improve the effectiveness of family-based interventions to promote resilience to adversity and address the Healthy People 2030’s initiative to strengthen the health and well-being of all people. As a preliminary analysis, we conducted baseline latent class analysis (LCA) and identified four family risk classes: Job Instability Only (low on all risk factors except job instability; 14%), Economic Stress, Depressed Parents (high on economic stressors and parental depression; 41%), Extreme Family Dysfunction (high on all risk factors; 33%), and Mothers At Risk (high mother victimization; 12%). Therefore, the overall objective of this two-year R03 is to test the effects of these family risk classes on family mental health outcomes and intervention effectiveness (i.e., families’ response to the FRAME intervention). The specific aims are to: (a) model the effects of family risk classes on longitudinal family outcomes, (b) identify the effects of family risk classes on families’ engagement and response to intervention, and (c) examine racial and gender differences in family risk classes and families’ response to intervention. This study will use a novel approach (i.e., latent class analysis and the BCH method) to understand risk processes and test differential intervention effects. These contributions are significant because they can inform efforts to maximize the cost-effectiveness of prevention programs for economically disadvantaged families by ensuring that the most people benefit from the intervention.

Project Narrative This study is relevant to public health because it represents a novel strategy for identifying, based on prior risk exposure patterns, those who benefit from family interventions and those who may need additional or alternative intervention. Once these families are identified, interventions can be tailored to produce maximum benefit for families experiencing various combinations of risk factors. The project aligns with Goal 3 of NIMH’s Strategic Plan to advance the prevention of mental illness by improving methods to match interventions to individuals and populations.