Project Summary Despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders remain surprisingly common. HIV and the closely-related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) may persist in the brain ‘sanctuary’, where access of otherwise potent antiretrovirals is limited. It is now becoming clear that myeloid cells support HIV/SIV infection independently of CD4 T cells and can be the source of rebound virus in tissues including brain upon cessation of suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). To date, however, therapeutic strategies for targeting HIV in the myeloid cells and in the central nervous system (CNS) have not yet been developed. The overall goal of this proposal is to lead collaborations to exploit the known pharmacological colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition for macrophage targeting to target long-lived infected CSF1Rhigh myeloid cells in the CNS. Recently, we found, for the first time, overexpression and activation of the CSF1R in CNS myeloid cells including perivascular macrophages (PVM) and activated microglia in SIV-infected macaques with encephalitis, as well as in the brain of virally suppressed HIV patients. We also found that CSF1R blockade in vitro selectively ablated rhesus monocyte-derived CSF1Rhigh macrophages. Our central hypothesis is that resident CSF1Rhigh myeloid cells in the brain contribute to persistent HIV brain infection and neuroinflammation despite HAART. Consequently, selective targeting of infected myeloid cells by CSF1R signaling blockade will eliminate the persistent viral reservoir from the CNS. The first aim will determine whether ablation of CSF1Rhigh myeloid cells in the CNS in during acute infection will decrease DNA proviral load in the brain. The second aim will focus on ablating the CSF1Rhigh brain myeloid cells in the setting of ART-treated chronic infection. The research proposed in this application is innovative because it represents an entirely novel departure from the current approach to maintaining viral suppression in HIV-infected patients. Our contribution here will be significant because it is a first step toward the development of therapeutic strategies for targeting virus-infected CNS myeloid cells or inhibiting viral infection of myeloid cells in the CNS. Once such strategies become available, there is promise that persistent myeloid HIV reservoirs could be eradicated from brain and other tissues.

Project Narrative The proposed research is relevant to public health because the discovery of the mechanisms of HIV persistence in the central nervous system (CNS) will help develop novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV from the CNS of infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. This project proposes to investigate whether long-lived brain macrophages expressing high levels of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is the major cellular reservoir of virus in the CNS during acute and chronic infection in the setting of antiretroviral therapy and whether targeting of this cell type by pharmacological inhibition of CSF1R will reduce or even eliminate virus infection of the CNS.