Project Summary/Abstract: Gulf War Illness (GWI) continues to plague a subsection of the veterans deployed in the Persian Gulf war even 30 years after they returned home. The illness has taken a heavy toll on the overall quality of life of our deployed veterans. We still do not have a definitive treatment regimen for Gulf War Illness even though several drug candidates have shown promise. Recent research in the last five years have revealed the role of host gut microbiome in gastrointestinal disturbance, systemic inflammation and neurotrophic abnormalities in Gulf War Illness mouse models. A recent study from our laboratory and our collaborators at Boston University showed that veterans with GWI exhibit microbial dysbiosis with decreased butyrogenic bacterial profile. We have preliminary data that the host virome signature is altered in GWI veterans. In addition, we showed that gut virome alteration in a mouse model of GWI is strongly associated with increased serum levels of IL6, a proinflammatory cytokine known to cause systemic and neurocognitive disease. Results showed that short chain fatty acids such as butyrate restored healthy microbiome, improved microbial metabolism in the gut apart from attenuating GWI symptom persistence in preclinical studies. Butyrate, a nutraceutical that is endogenously produced in the host gut following bacterial fermentation also has shown promise in gastrointestinal disturbances such as IBS and IBD and is a good treatment choice among gastroenterologists. Butyrate is also effective as a strong anti-inflammatory molecule in preclinical studies. The FDA has long approved the use of butyrate as a safe food additive and use of it as enemas for GI disturbances. Interestingly, Gulf War Illness patients show gastrointestinal disturbances (constipation, diarrhea, bloating, acid reflux, pain), chronic fatigue and neurocognitive abnormalities. The GWI patients also have an altered microbiome that is associated with systemic inflammation. Objective of the trial: The goal of this clinical trial is to determine if a Butyrate formulation that consists of butyric acid as calcium and magnesium derivatives in a single oral capsule administered twice a day is effective in increasing physical functioning for Veterans with Gulf War Illness. The secondary outcome will focus on the drug's role in (a) restoring gut microbiome and virome (that have been found altered in GWI veterans), (b) decreasing gastrointestinal disturbances (constipation, diarrhea, pain) (c) decreasing chronic fatigue, (d) decreasing systemic inflammation such a blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines and (d) a decrease in cognitive deficits. The clinical trial involving butyrate on Gulf War Illness veterans will be conducted in three sites across the nation. The sites of Columbia SC (primary-Columbia VA medical center), Salt Lake City, Utah and Miami VA will work in tandem and in total concert to conduct this trial. This is a randomized, two group, double blind, placebo controlled, Phase II clinical trial. The treatment group will receive microencapsulated butyrate capsules (600 mg twice a day for 18 weeks). The placebo group will receive matching placebo formulation twice a day for 18 weeks. The primary outcome measure for this clinical trial is a change from baseline of VSF-36™ and CVLT II test scores, with respect to physical and mental functioning and symptoms. The secondary outcome measures include changes from baseline of host- microbiome signature, intestinal permeability assessment, peripheral pro-inflammatory biomarkers, and of GWI-associated symptoms IBS, chronic pain, fatigue, sleep issues, and cognitive impairment. Study Team: The 4 year clinical study will be carried out in three VAMCs and will be led by Dr. Saurabh Chatterjee, Ph.D who has expertise on GWI , gut microbiome and butyrate pharmacology. Columbia VAMC study will be co-led by Dr. Roy Mathew , M.D. and Dr. Rebeca Flores-Morales, M.D. Miami VAMC and Salt Lake City VAMC studies will be led by Dr. Nancy Klimas, M.D. and Dr. Ashok Tuteja , M.D. respectively who together have significant experience in Gulf War Illness clinical trials .

Gulf War Veterans’ Illnesses (GWVI) is a multi-symptom illness that plagues a section of the veterans who were deployed during the Persian Gulf War named as Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The veterans complain of a persistence of gastrointestinal disturbances, chronic fatigue, pain and cognitive defects that has been difficult to manage at the clinics. The goal of this clinical trial is to determine if a Butyrate formulation that consists of butyric acid as calcium and magnesium derivatives in a single oral capsule taken twice a day is effective in increasing the quality of life for veterans with GWI. The secondary outcome will focus on the drug's role in (a) restoring gut microbiome and virome (that have been found altered in GWI veterans),(b) decreasing gastrointestinal disturbances (constipation, diarrhea, pain) (c) decreasing chronic fatigue , (d) decreasing systemic inflammation such a blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines and (d) a decrease in neurocognitive deficiencies.