PROJECT SUMMARY The HIV prevention field has advanced dramatically in recent years through the development of antiretroviral- based prevention strategies such as Treatment-as-Prevention and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Numer- ous challenges remain that impede the implementation of these interventions and HIV remains a major global health problem. We need new preventive interventions to combat the pandemic. The rapid advancements in the field have complicated the statistical design of efficacy trials of new interventions. For instance, oral PrEP is now part of the standard HIV prevention package offered to trial participants, which poses challenges in ensur- ing adequate statistical power. Currently, available statistical methods for guiding the implementation of effective interventions are inadequate. Considering this complex HIV prevention context, our goal in Aim 1 is to iden- tify suitable efficacy trial designs for evaluating the next generation of HIV prevention tools. We will consider crossover designs, sequential randomization designs, active-arm only designs, and non-inferiority designs with adaptive margins; each of these approaches addresses a key limitation of the prototypical phase 2b/3 trial de- sign currently in use. Through simulation studies and application to candidate interventions, we will investigate the relative statistical performance of the designs. We will also work with leaders in the HIV prevention field, to identify the clinical, ethical, logistical issues and other critical factors that must be considered. We will use these factors to refine our design comparisons and to identify the trial design that is most appropriate for each setting. Under Aim 2, we will address specific implementation questions in HIV prevention, through the development of improved statistical analysis methods. We will develop methods for evaluating sub-population-specific HIV risk and prevention efficacy, to identify strategies for implementing interventions, and for bridging HIV incidence and prevention efficacy to new settings or populations. Our approach will rely on fewer assumptions than existing methods, use a framework that leverages statistical learning to extract information from multiple predictors of risk and efficacy, and accommodate data from multiple sources. We will use important and relevant datasets in HIV prevention and simulation studies designed to mimic their structure and content to gauge the performance of the approaches. Our team members include lead statistical investigators in the major HIV prevention trial networks, with considerable expertise in statistical methods development and clinical trial design, and established collabo- rations with other leaders in the clinical and laboratory science of HIV prevention. Our positions and connections make us uniquely poised to translate the novel methods into practice.

PROJECT NARRATIVE Current drugs and other preventive interventions have made important contributions to the fight against HIV/AIDS. However, we will need a larger tool-box of drugs, vaccines, and other interventions to end the HIV pandemic. This project will develop and assess specific research study designs to evaluate new interventions in the presence of existing interventions, as well as provide statistical analysis methods for guiding the implementation of those that prove effective.