Alcohol’s ability to improve mood in the face of stress is among its most prized reinforcing properties, long held by researchers to be of critical importance for the understanding of the etiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Drinkers overwhelmingly report that the mood-enhancement they gain from alcohol is most pronounced in the context of stress, and individuals who report higher levels of stress relief from alcohol are at risk for developing AUD. But attempts to capture this key element of alcohol reinforcement using experimental methods have yielded strikingly inconsistent results. One remarkable feature of the extant experimental literature is that, in attempting to capture alcohol’s stress-relieving effects, researchers have strayed far outside the range of stressors typically encountered in everyday drinking settings, contexts that are overwhelmingly social in nature. Here, we harness the power of stressful stimuli that emerge naturally within everyday contexts, focusing on social novelty as a compound stress-trigger ubiquitous to real-world heavy drinking settings. Building on our prior work indicating enhanced alcohol reward in novel compared with familiar social context, together with pilot findings pointing to potential links between social novelty and hazardous patterns of drinking, we draw on innovative methods and measures to further build the understanding of social-contextual factors driving consumption. Specifically, we leverage multi-participant neuroimaging recording arrays (i.e., hyperscanning) to pinpoint both inter- and intra-brain processes underlying alcohol reinforcement, a mechanistic analysis we complement with ambulatory and longitudinal methods for tracing real world patterns of consumption. Participants (N=240) will attend two experimental laboratory sessions, on one of which they will consume alcohol and on the other a control beverage. Participants will complete tasks in the company of either a stranger or familiar individual while EEG is recorded from both participants simultaneously. Participants will also engage in a 14-day ambulatory assessment period during which drinking will be assessed continuously via transdermal alcohol biosensor while social context is explored via in-vivo photographic image- capture methods. Finally, longitudinal changes in hazardous drinking and AUD symptoms will be assessed for 24 months post-baseline. The aims of the project are to: 1) Explore diminished threat sensitivity and enhanced social engagement as mechanisms driving alcohol reward in novel social context; 2) Examine social reward- attentive processes as well as social-contextual novelty as predictors of hazardous drinking and AUD. The proposed research contributes to the understanding of AUD by addressing one of the most fundamental questions in the alcohol literature—the question of why people drink. Further, representing a critical step towards building a contextually-informed, mechanistically precise model of AUD etiology, the proposed study might have a variety of key implications including for refining harm-reduction and prevention programs, reducing rates of relapse, informing public health policy, and the early identification of those at risk.

Drinking to relieve stress is among the most robust predictors of later onset of alcohol use disorder (AUD), but prior experimental studies have often failed to capture alcohol’s ability to boost mood in the face of stress. The current study is unique in that it looks to real-life drinking contexts to identify stressors capable of harnessing alcohol’s powerful stress-relieving capabilities. By examining “real life” stressful contexts, the current study could have a number of important conceptual and clinical implications, including for understanding mechanisms underlying AUD vulnerability, identifying individuals at risk for AUD, improving reinforcement- centered harm reduction and prevention focused interventions, and refining the understanding of “high risk” relapse settings for those in treatment. .